The PBC Working Paper Series publishes research reports written by staff members of the People's Bank of China. These reports cover a range of topics including the domestic and foreign economies, banking and financial markets, as well as structural reforms. Many of these reports present preliminary findings from research projects undertaken by PBC researchers. Publishing these reports in a timely manner can help facilitate academic exchange, solicit constructive feedback, and promote research in related areas. The views expressed in these reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the PBC. For those who wish to quote these reports, please state that the source is PBC working paper series.